Stages of
Parkinson’s Disease
IN THIS SECTION
About Parkinson’s
Understanding the Stages of Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease progresses gradually, with symptoms becoming more severe over time. Understanding its stages can help patients, caregivers, and healthcare professionals prepare for the future and adjust treatment strategies accordingly.
The Movement Disorder Task Force has recently defined three distinct stages of early Parkinson’s disease:
Pre-Clinical Stage
At this stage, there are no visible motor or non-motor symptoms. However, neurodegeneration has already begun in the brain. This phase is silent, making it difficult to detect without specific biomarkers.
Prodromal Stage
In this phase, subtle signs and symptoms may begin to appear, but they are often not pronounced enough for a formal diagnosis. These early indicators are frequently mistaken for normal aging. Recognizing these early warning signs can lead to a timelier diagnosis and improved disease management. Common prodromal symptoms include:
- Loss of Smell (Anosmia): A reduced or absent sense of smell, often appearing years before motor symptoms.
- Constipation: Chronic digestive issues can be an early indicator of Parkinson’s.
- Masked Face: Reduced facial expressiveness may make individuals appear emotionless or disengaged.
- Micrographia: A noticeable change in handwriting, often becoming smaller and more cramped.
- REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD): A sleep disorder characterized by vivid dreams and physical movement during sleep. Idiopathic RBD is often a precursor to Parkinson’s pathology.
Clinical Stage
Stage 1: Mild Symptoms
Symptoms typically affect only one side of the body (unilateral), such as tremors or slight changes in posture or facial expression.
Most daily activities can be performed independently. Changes are noticeable but not significantly disruptive.
Stage 2: Bilateral Symptoms
Symptoms become more pronounced and begin affecting both sides of the body (bilateral). Posture and gait changes are more evident.
Tasks may take longer, and individuals may begin to experience muscle stiffness and coordination issues.
Stage 3: Mid-Stage Parkinson’s
Significant bradykinesia (slowed movement) and balance difficulties emerge. Falls may become more frequent.
Assistance may be needed for daily tasks such as eating, dressing, or bathing. Mobility becomes more challenging.
Stage 4: Severe Symptoms
Movement becomes severely restricted. Most activities require substantial assistance.
Individuals often rely on walkers or wheelchairs and need help with personal care. Independent living becomes very limited.
Stage 5: Advanced Stage
Individuals may be bedridden or confined to a wheelchair. Both motor and non-motor symptoms, such as dementia, are severe.
24/7 care is typically required. Basic functions like swallowing and communication become difficult. Cognitive symptoms, including confusion and memory loss, are often prominent.
Disclaimer
The information provided on this website is as per our current knowledge and intended for knowledge and awareness purposes only. It is not intended to replace medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If you are experiencing symptoms that may be related to any neurological disorder, please consult a neurologist and/or movement disorder specialist.